View source for City of Adelaide (1864)

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{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image               = [[File:SV City Adelaide Dutton Lithograph.jpg|300px]]
| Ship caption             = ''Clipper Ship, 'City of Adelaide', 1000 tons, David Bruce, Commander''. Hand-coloured lithograph by Thomas Dutton, August 1864. Dedicated "To Messrs. [[Devitt and Moore]] Owners, Messrs Wm Pile, Hay & Co. Builders & the Officers of the Ship this print is most respectfully dedicated by their obedient servant, Wm. Foster”.
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header              =
| Ship country             =
| Ship flag                =
| Ship name                = ''City of Adelaide'' (1864-1922)<br />HMS ''Carrick'' (1922–1948)<br />''Carrick'' (1948–2001)<br />''City of Adelaide'' (since 2001)
| Ship owner               =  Bruce, Moore, Harrold Bros. & Martin, London (1864–1887)<br />[[Mowll, Charles Havelock|Charles H Mowll]], Dover (1887–1888)<br />[[Dixon, Thomas Stewart|Thomas S Dixon]] & Son, Belfast (1888–1893)<br />Southampton Corp. (1893-1922)<br />Royal Navy (1922–1948)<br />RNVR Club, Glasgow (1948–1989)<br />Clyde Ship Trust (1990–1992)<br />Scottish Maritime Museum (1992-2013)<br />Clipper Ship City of Adelaide Ltd, Adelaide, S Australia (from 2013)
| Ship operator            = [[Devitt and Moore]] (1864–1887)<br />As per owners since 1887
| Ship ordered             =
| Ship builder             = William Pile, Hay & Co
| Ship original cost       =
| Ship laid down           =
| Ship launched            = 7 May 1864
| Ship maiden voyage       = 6 August 1864
| Ship acquired            =
| Ship commissioned        = 1923
| Ship decommissioned      = 1948
| Ship in service          =
| Ship out of service      = 1893-1922; since 1948
| Ship renamed             =
| Ship struck              = Removed from register 7 February 1895
| Ship reinstated          =
| Ship route               = London—Plymouth—Adelaide—Port Augusta—London (typical 1864–1887)
| Ship nickname            = ''The City''
| Ship registry            = {{flagicon|UKGBI|civil}} London (1864–1888)<br />{{flagicon|UKGBI|civil}} Belfast (1888–1893)<br />{{navy|UK}} (1922–1948)
|Ship identification       = [[Wikipedia:Code Letters|Code Letters]] WCLQ<br />{{ICS|Whiskey}}{{ICS|Charlie}}{{ICS|Lima}}{{ICS|Quebec}}<br />UK Official Number 50036
| Ship homeport            = {{flagicon|UKGBI|civil}} London (1864–1888)<br />{{flagicon|UKGBI|civil}} Belfast (1888–93)<br />{{flagicon|UKGBI|civil}} Southampton (1893–1895)<br />{{flagicon|England}} Southampton (1895-1922)<!--The ship was not on shipping register during this time, so use of the civil ensign is incorrect--><br />{{flagicon|Scotland}} Glasgow (1948-1992)<br />{{flagicon|Scotland}} Irvine (1992-2013)<br />{{flagicon|South Australia}} Port Adelaide (from 2014)
| Ship captured            =
| Ship fate                =
| Ship status              = Removal to [[Adelaide, South Australia]]
| Ship notes               =
| Ship badge               = ''on stern''<br />[[File:City of Adelaide coat of arms.png|150px|City of Adelaide Coat of Arms]]
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header              =
| Header caption           =
| Ship class               = '''Composite Clipper'''<br />Passenger ship (1864–1887)<br />Collier (1887–1888)<br />Cargo ship (1888–1893)<br />Hospital ship (1893-1922)<br />Training ship (1922–1948)<br />''RNVR Clubrooms'' (1948–1991)<br />Museum ship (since 1991)
| Ship displacement        = 791 tons
| Ship tons burthen        = 1,500 Tons
| Ship length              = {{convert|244|ft|1|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam                = {{convert|32|ft|2|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
| Ship draught             =
| Ship draft               =
| Ship hold depth          =
| Ship propulsion          =
| Ship sail plan           = [[Wikipedia:Full rigged ship|Full rigged ship]] (1864–1881)<br />[[Wikipedia:Barque|Barque]] (1881–1893)<br />Derigged since 1893
| Ship complement          =
| Ship armament            =
| Ship notes               =
}}
|}
The '''''City of Adelaide''''' is a [[Wikipedia:clipper|clipper]] ship, built in [[William Pile (shipbuilder)|Sunderland]], England, and launched on 7 May 1864.  The ship was commissioned in the [[Royal Navy]] as '''HMS ''Carrick''''' between 1923 and 1948 and, after decommissioning, was known as '''''Carrick''''' until 2001.  At a conference convened by [[HRH The Duke of Edinburgh]] in 2001, the decision was made to revert the ship's name to ''City of Adelaide''. The ship was formally renamed by The Duke at a ceremony in 2013.

''City of Adelaide'' was built by [[William Pile (shipbuilder)|William Pile, Hay and Co.]] for transporting passengers and goods between Britain and Australia. Between 1864 and 1887 the ship made 23 annual return voyages from [[London]] and [[Plymouth]] to [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]]. During this period it played an important part in the immigration of Australia, and on the return voyages carried passengers, wool and copper from Adelaide and [[Port Augusta, South Australia|Port Augusta]] to London. 

After 1887 the ship carried coal around the British coast, and timber across the Atlantic. In 1893 it became a floating hospital in Southampton, and in 1923 was purchased by the Royal Navy. Converted as a training ship, it was also renamed HMS ''Carrick'' to avoid confusion with the newly commissioned ''[[HMAS Adelaide (1918)|HMAS Adelaide]]''. HMS ''Carrick'' was based in Scotland until 1948 when it was decommissioned and donated to the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Club, and towed into central Glasgow for use as the club's headquarters. 

''Carrick'' remained on the River Clyde until 1989 when it was damaged by flooding. In order to safeguard the vessel it was protected as a listed building, but in 1991 it sank at its mooring. ''Carrick'' was recovered by the [[Scottish Maritime Museum]] the following year, and moved to a private slipway adjacent to the museum's site in [[Irvine, North Ayrshire|Irvine]]. Restoration work began, but funding ceased in 1999, and from 2000 the future of the ship was in doubt.  After being served with an eviction notice by the owners of the slipway, the Scottish Maritime Museum was forced to seek the deconstruction of the ship on more than one occasion, while rescue proposals were developed by groups based in Sunderland and South Australia. 

Following a review of options in 2010, the Scottish Government confirmed that the ship would be moved to Adelaide, South Australia, to be preserved as a museum ship. In September 2013 the ship moved by barge from Scotland to the Netherlands to prepare the vessel for transport to Australia.  In late November 2013, loaded on the deck of a cargo ship, the ''City of Adelaide'' departed Europe bound for Australia, where it is expected to arrive in January 2014.

==Significance==

The ''City of Adelaide'' is the world's oldest surviving [[clipper]] ship, of only two that survive - the other is the ''[[Cutty Sark]]'' (built 1869; a tea-clipper in Greenwich). With the ''Cutty Sark'' and ''[[HMS Gannet (1878)|HMS Gannet]]'' (built 1878; a Sloop-of-war in Chatham), the ''City of Adelaide'' is one of only three surviving ocean-going ships of [[composite ship|composite]] construction to survive.<ref name=NHS_page>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk/ships_register.php?action=ship&id=433 |title=''City of Adelaide'' |date= |work=National Register of Historic Vessels|publisher= National Historic Ships |accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref> {{#tag:ref|The wreck of the composite clipper ''Ambassador'' (1869), a beached skeleton, also rests on a beach in Strait of Magellan, near Estancia San Gregorio, Chile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flickr.com/photos/14287578@N04/3244264379/in/photostream/ |title=Chile - Magellan Strait - wreck of clipper Ambassador near Estancia San Gergorio |publisher=Flickr |date=1 February 2009 |accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref>|group="note"}}

The ''City of Adelaide'' is one of three surviving sailing ships, and the only of these a passenger ship, to have taken emigrants from the British Isles (the other two are the [[Edwin Fox (ship)|''Edwin Fox'']] and the [[Star of India (ship)|''Star of India'']]).{{#tag:ref|The ''SS Great Britain'' a sail-steamship also carried migrants from the British Isles.|group="note"}}  The ''City of Adelaide'' is the only surviving purpose-built passenger sailing ship,<ref name=significance>{{cite web |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/history/world-significance.html |title=World Significance |work=City of Adelaide - the Splendid Clipper Ship |publisher= CSCOAL|accessdate=21 November 2013}}</ref> 

Adding to its significance as an emigrant ship, the ''City of Adelaide'' is the last survivor of the timber trade between North America and the United Kingdom. As this trade peaked at the same time as conflicts in Europe, a great mass of refugees sought cheap passage on the timber-trade ships, that would otherwise be returning  empty, creating an unprecedented influx of new immigrants in North America.

Having been built in the years prior to Lloyd's Register publishing their rules for composite ships, the ''City of Adelaide'' is an important example in the development of Naval Architecture.<ref name=significance/><ref name =RINA>{{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Peter |date= 2010 |title=Composite Clippers |url= http://content.yudu.com/A1p200/RINA150/resources/index.htm?referrerUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rina.org.uk%2F150Years.html |journal=The Royal Institution of Naval Architects 1860-2010 |publisher= Royal Institution of Naval Architects |pages= 84 |accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref>

The UK's Advisory Committee on National Historic Ships describes the significance of the ''City of Adelaide'' in these terms:<ref name=NHS_page/>

<blockquote>She highlights the early fast passenger-carrying and general cargo trade to the Antipodes. Her composite construction illustrates technical development in 19th shipbuilding techniques and scientific progress in metallurgy and her self-reefing top sails demonstrate the beginnings of modern labour saving technologies. Her service on the London to Adelaide route between 1864 and 1888 gives her an unrivalled associate status as one of the ships contributing to the growth of the Australian nation.</blockquote>

In recognition of its significance, until departing the United Kingdom in 2013, the ''City of Adelaide'' was an A-listed structure in Scotland, part of the National Historic Fleet of the United Kingdom, and listed in the Core Collection of the United Kingdom.<ref name=NHS_page/>

==Construction==

[[File:Midship section of Composite Ship.jpg|thumb|200px|left| Midship Section of a Composite Ship | Midship Section of a [[Composite ship|Composite Ship]], by Henri Paasch, 1885]]
The ''City of Adelaide'' was designed to carry both passengers and cargo between England and Australia. Cabins could accommodate first-class and second-class passengers, and the hold could be fitted out for carrying steerage-class emigrants when needed.

The ''City of Adelaide'' is of [[Composite ship|composite construction]] with timber planking on a wrought-iron frame. This method of construction provides the structural strength of an iron ship combined with the insulation of a timber hull. Unlike iron ships, where copper would cause corrosion in contact with the iron, the timber bottoms of composite ships could be sheathed with copper to prevent fouling.  The iron frames meant that composite ships could carry large amounts of canvas sail.  Composite ships were therefore some of the fastest ships afloat.

Composite ships were built in the relatively short period from c. 1860 to 1880.  The ''City of Adelaide'' was built in 1864 before Lloyd's Register recognised and endorsed composite ships in 1867.  Before this, all composite ships were labelled by Lloyds as being "Experimental".<ref name =RINA/> Being a developmental technology in 1864 meant that many of the structural features on the ''City of Adelaide'' are now regarded as being 'over-engineered', particularly when compared to other later composite ships like the ''[[Cutty Sark]]'' (1869).  For example, the frame spacing on the ''City of Adelaide'' is much closer together than seen on other composite ships.  This extra strength from 'over-engineering', together with the good fate to have benefited from human habitation and/or husbandry through to the late 1990s, has likely been a major factor why the ''City of Adelaide'' has survived, even after being grounded on [[Kirkcaldy Beach]] in South Australia for a week in 1874 - see below.

{{-}}

[[File:Capt David Bruce ca1864.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Captain David Bruce, first master and quarter-owner]]
==Service history==

===Conception===
After having gained much experience on the London to Adelaide run with his ship the ''Irene'', Captain David Bruce had the ''City of Adelaide'' built expressly for the South Australia trade.<ref name=reg1864>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article39127175 |title=SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE. |newspaper=[[South Australian Register|South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839-1900)]] |location=Adelaide, SA |date=8 November 1864 |accessdate=21 May 2011 |page=2 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>  The order for the ship was given to [[William Pile Shipbuilder|William Pile]], Hay and Company of Sunderland and it was launched on 7 May 1864.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/construction.html |title=1864 Conception |work=City of Adelaide - the Splendid Clipper Ship|publisher= CSCOAL|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref>  Captain Bruce took a quarter-share ownership.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/david-bruce.html |title=Capt. David Bruce |work=City of Adelaide - the Splendid Clipper Ship|publisher= CSCOAL|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref> 

The ''City of Adelaide'' is frequently referred to as being owned by the British shipping firm [[Devitt and Moore]], but they were only the managing agents in London.  Partner Joseph Moore snr. was a syndicate member, holding a quarter-share in the ship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/devitt-and-moore.html |title=Devitt and Moore |work=City of Adelaide - the Splendid Clipper Ship|publisher= CSCOAL|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref>  

The remaining two quarter-shares were taken up by South Australian interests - Harrold Brothers<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/harrold-brothers.html |title=Harrold Brothers |work=City of Adelaide - the Splendid Clipper Ship|publisher= CSCOAL|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref> who were the agents in Adelaide, and Henry Martin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/henry-martin.html |title=Henry Martin |work=City of Adelaide - the Splendid Clipper Ship|publisher= CSCOAL|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref> the working proprietor of the [[Yudnamutana]] and [[Blinman]] copper mines in the [[Flinders Ranges]].

[[File:City of Adelaide Stranding 1874.jpg|thumb|220px|right| 'City of Adelaide' stranded on Kirkcaldy Beach, South Australia, in August 1874| 'City of Adelaide' stranded on [[Kirkcaldy Beach]] in South Australia, in August 1874.]]
[[File:YudnamutanaSmelters.jpg|thumb|220px|right| Historic copper smelters of [[Yudnamutana]] (1910).| Historic copper smelters of Yudnamutana (1910).]]
===The South Australian Trade - 1864-1887===
The ship spent 23 years making annual runs to and from South Australia, playing an important role in the development of the colony. Researchers have estimated that a quarter of a million South Australians can trace their origins to passengers on the ''City of Adelaide''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/250k-descendants.html |title=1/4 Million Descendants |work=City of Adelaide - the Splendid Clipper Ship|publisher= CSCOAL|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref>

At least six diaries kept by passengers describing voyages have survived from the 23 return voyages between London and Adelaide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/Diary-Transcripts/ |title=Diary Transcripts |work=City of Adelaide - the Splendid Clipper Ship|publisher= CSCOAL|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref>

On 24 August 1874, the ship was stranded on Kirkcaldy Beach near Grange, six miles south of [[Semaphore, South Australia|Semaphore]] near Adelaide. On board at the time were over 320 people, including one of the diarists, a Scot named James McLauchlan.  An outbreak of scarlet fever had occurred during the voyage and seven people died.  Two babies were born on board during the voyage - one was "born dead".<ref name=diary>{{cite web |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/diary-of-james-mclauchlan.html |title=Diary of James Anderson McLauchlan |work=City of Adelaide - the Splendid Clipper Ship|publisher= CSCOAL|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref>

Upon reaching South Australian waters at the end of this voyage, severe gales were encountered resulting in the stranding of the ''City of Adelaide''. The storms also caused accidents and losses of other vessels along the South Australian coast.  The schooner ''Mayflower'', on its way from Port Broughton to [[Port Adelaide]], lost its mate Richard Burton, 32, overboard and he drowned: he was on his way to Port Adelaide to meet his wife, Isabella, 29, who was one of the immigrants on board the ''City of Adelaide''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5878076 |title=TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 8, 1874. |newspaper=The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848-1954) |location=Melbourne, Vic. |date=8 September 1874 |accessdate=21 May 2011 |page=5 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

Amongst the cargo on this voyage were two [[Scottish deerhound]]s, bred by the Marquis of Lorne, John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, and being imported by Sir [[Thomas Elder]].<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28734015 |title=VIII.—AGRICULTURAL. |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The South Australian Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1858-1889)]] |location=Adelaide, SA |date=10 September 1874 |accessdate=21 May 2011 |page=5 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

A day after the stranding the passengers were removed by steam tugs.  The ''City of Adelaide'' was refloated on 4 September after much of the cargo had been discharged and much of the rigging temporarily removed.  The ship was virtually undamaged.

By the 1880s, the ''City of Adelaide'' was also calling at [[Port Augusta, South Australia]] on return voyages.  At Port Augusta, copper from Henry Martin's [[Blinman]] and [[Yudnamutana]] copper mines in the Flinders Ranges and wool from outback sheep stations was loaded before racing to the wool sales in London.

During this time, in 1881, the ship was rerigged as a barque.

====Route of 1874 Voyage====
The following map traces the route of the 1874 voyage from the latitudes and longitudes provided in the [[Diary of James McLauchlan|diary of James McLauchlan]].<ref name=diary/>
{{Route to Adelaide in 1874}}

====Notable Passengers====
[[File:City of Adelaide Nurses Quarters c1894.jpg|thumb|220px|right|The Nurses' Quarters in former First Class cabins of 'City of Adelaide', c1894 | First Class cabins of 'City of Adelaide', c1894]]
* '''[[Weld, Sir Frederick Aloysius - I212|Sir Frederick Aloysius Weld]] GCMG''' - sixth Premier of New Zealand, and later served as Governor of Western Australia, Governor of Tasmania, and Governor of the Straits Settlements.
* [[Maude, Cyril Francis - I875|Cyril Maude]] - English stage and film actor.
* [[Sandover, Alfred - I144|Alfred Sandover]] MBE - donor of the Sandover Medal.
* [[Methuen, Matilda - I7|Matilda Methuen]] - wife of [[Waite, Peter - I973|Peter Waite]] a South Australian pastoralist, businessman, company director and public benefactor.
* [[Smith, Frances Mary - I19504|Frances Goyder (nee Smith)]] - wife of [[Goyder, George Woodroffe - I19503|George Goyder]] a surveyor in South Australia who established Goyder's line of rainfall.
* [[ Bullock, Frederick William - I19664|Frederick Bullock]] - mayor of Adelaide from 1891 to 1892. His [[Diary of Frederick Bullock|diary]] as a 15-year-old passenger survives.<ref name=FBdiary>{{cite web |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/paxwiki/Diary_of_Frederick_Bullock |title=Diary of Frederick Bullock |work=City of Adelaide - the Splendid Clipper Ship|publisher= CSCOAL|accessdate=3 April 2012}}</ref>

===Coal Trade - 1887-1888===
In 1887, ''City of Adelaide'' was sold to Dover coal merchant, Charles Havelock Mowll, for use in the collier trade carrying coal from  the Tyne to Dover.


===Timber Trade - 1888-1893===
[[File:Aboutement de bois equarri Quebec 1872.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Butting square timber, Quebec City, QC, 1872.]]
{{See also|North American timber trade}}
In 1888, the ''City of Adelaide'' was sold to Belfast-based timber merchants Daniel and Thomas Stewart Dixon, and was used to carry timber in the [[North American timber trade]].

By the start of the 18th century, Britain had exhausted its supplies of the great oaks that had built the Royal Navy].  The lack of large trees was problematic as they were a necessity for masts for both war and merchant shipping.   A thriving timber import business developed between Britain and the Baltic region but was unpopular for economic and strategic reasons<ref>Tim Ball, "Timber!", ''Beaver'', April 987, Vol. 67#2 pp 45-56</ref>  The Napoleonic Wars and a Continental blockade had a large impact on the Baltic trade and so Britain looked to the North American colonies that were still loyal.

The North Atlantic timber trade became a massive business and timber was British North America's most important commodity. In one summer, 1,200 ships were loaded with timber at Quebec City alone.

As timber is a very bulky cargo, it required many ships to carry it from North America to Britain, but there was little demand for carrying goods on the return voyages. However, there was a market for carrying migrants, so many of the timber ships turned to the migrant trade to fill their unused capacity. Since timber exports tended to peak at the same time as conflicts in Europe, a great mass of refugees sought cheap passage across the Atlantic. This created an unprecedented influx of new immigrants in North America.

The timber trade not only brought immigrants to British North America but also played a very important role in keeping them there.  While many of those disembarking from the timber- trade ships headed south to the United States, many stayed in British North America.  At the peak of the trade in the 1840s, 15,000 Irish loggers were employed in the Gatineau region alone at a time when the population of Montreal was only 10,000.

The ''City of Adelaide'' was home-ported in Belfast and from there frequented several British North American ports, most frequently Miramichi, New Brunswick. 

Of the thousands of sailing ships involved in the timber trade between North America and the United Kingdom, the ''City of Adelaide'' is the last survivor.

===Hospital Ship 1893-1922===
[[File:City of Adelaide as Hospital Ship c1894.jpg|thumb|220px|right| The 'City of Adelaide' as an Isolation Hospital off Millbrook, c1894. | The 'City of Adelaide' as an Isolation Hospital off Millbrook, c1894.]]
[[File:City of Adelaide Hospital Ward c1894.jpg|thumb|220px|right|View of hospital ward on 'City of Adelaide' when being used as a hospital ship off Millbrook, c1894 | A hospital ward on 'City of Adelaide' when being used as a hospital ship off Millbrook, c1894]]
The ''City of Adelaide'' ended its sailing career in 1893, when purchased by Southampton Corporation for £1750 to serve as a floating isolation hospital.  During one year of operation, 23 cases of scarlet fever were cared for. In 2009, the National Health Service (England) named a new hospital at [[Millbrook, Southampton]], in honour of the ship - the Adelaide Health Centre.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Welcome to the Adelaide Health Centre |publisher=National Health Service  |date=30 June 2009 |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/adelaide-health-centre-millbrook-uk-30-jun-09.html |accessdate=15 July 2010 }}</ref>


===Royal Navy & Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve - 1922-1948===
In 1923, the ''City of Adelaide'' was purchased by the Admiralty and towed to Irvine, Scotland, where it was placed on the same slipway that it was to return to in 1992.  After conversion to a training ship, it was towed to Greenock and commissioned as a Naval Drill Ship for the newly constituted Clyde Division of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR).<ref name=moore>{{cite web |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/maree-moore-devitt-account.html |title=Account of Maree Moore |work=City of Adelaide - the Splendid Clipper Ship|publisher= CSCOAL|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref>  As the new cruiser [[HMAS Adelaide (1918)|HMAS Adelaide]] had been commissioned only the previous year, to avoid confusion of two British Empire ships named ''Adelaide'' the clipper was renamed HMS ''Carrick''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cityofadelaide.org.au/our-news/our-news-articles/107-2013-news/812-renaming-ceremony.html |title=Renaming Ceremony - Greenwich - 18 October 2013 |work=City of Adelaide - the Splendid Clipper Ship |publisher= CSCOAL|accessdate=21 November 2013}}</ref>

===R.N.V.R. Club (Scotland) - 1948-1990===

After the war the ship was scheduled for breaking up, but through the work of Commodore the Duke of Montrose, Vice-Admiral Cedric S. Holland and Admiral Sir Charles Morgan, it was presented by the Admiralty to the R.N.V.R. Club (Scotland), an organisation formed in the autumn of 1947.  The towing of HMS ''Carrick'' upriver from Greenock to Harland and Wolff's shipyard at Scotstoun on 26 April 1948, was known as 'Operation Ararat'.  A grant of 5,000&nbsp;pounds was received from the King George's Fund for Sailors and 500&nbsp;pounds was donated from the City of Glasgow War Fund.<ref name=moore/>

After fitting out, ''Carrick'' was towed further up-river to a berth at Custom House Quay, just above Jamaica Bridge. A plaque on board commemorates the opening ceremony of the Club, which was carried out by Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope.  The ship stayed there until January 1954 when the Clyde Navigation Trust decided to move it to the opposite side of the river at Carlton Place.<ref name=moore/>

[[File:City of Adelaide in Princes Dock in 1991.jpg|thumb|220px|right| The ''City of Adelaide'' sank in Princes Dock, Glasgow, in 1991 under mysterious circumstances. Photo by SMM.| The ''City of Adelaide'' sank in Princes Dock, Glasgow, in 1991 under mysterious circumstances. Photo by SMM.]]

By the mid-1980s the Club realised that it could not afford to maintain its floating clubrooms.  It commenced seeking ways of securing the ship's future and passing on ownership, and contacted various bodies with potential interest including the then recently established Scottish Maritime Museum.


===Museum Ship - 1990 to Present===
====Clyde Ship Trust====
In 1989 there proved to be some need for haste, when the ship was flooded when the deck edge was trapped beneath the wharf on a very low tide. The Club in some desperation took the option on its insurance of having the vessel declared a total loss. To facilitate the preservation of the ship, Glasgow District Council applied for Listed Building status. [[Historic Scotland]] agreed to take the unusual step of listing a historic vessel as Category A – normally only applied to historic buildings. Listing was viewed as a boost to the preservation project.

By 1990 a new body, the Clyde Ship Trust, had been formed and, in March of that year, had purchased the vessel for £1. Under the control of the new Trust the vessel was dismasted and prepared for removal and in August 1990, was towed downstream to [[Princes Dock]].

Early in 1991, for reasons that have not been clearly identified, the vessel sank at its moorings. The Clyde Ship Trust was placed in a position of embarrassment, for, being already in debt, it was unable to put forward the funds required for a major salvage operation. It became necessary for other organisations to step in to attempt to prevent the total loss of the ship.

[[File:City of Adelaide being raised at Govan in 1991.jpg|thumb|220px|right| ''City of Adelaide'' being raised at Govan in 1992, SMM.| ''City of Adelaide'' being raised at Govan in 1992, SMM.]]
[[File:City of Adelaide being salvaged.jpg|thumb|220px|right| The ''City of Adelaide'' was salvaged by the Scottish Maritime Museum in 1992 and towed to Irvine. Photo by SMM.| The ''City of Adelaide'' was salvaged by the Scottish Maritime Museum in 1992 and towed to Irvine. Photo by SMM.]]

====Scottish Maritime Museum====
In 1992, with the encouragement of Historic Scotland and Scottish Enterprise, who provided the bulk of the £500,000 required to fund the rescue, the ship was salvaged by the [[Scottish Maritime Museum]] and moved to [[Irvine, North Ayrshire]], with the expectation to preserve and eventually restore the vessel.<ref name=smm>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottishmaritimemuseum.org/adelaide.html |title=''City of Adelaide'' |date= |publisher= Scottish Maritime Museum |accessdate=15 July 2010}} {{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>  The ship was identified as part of the UK [[National Historic Ships]] Core Collection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk/ships_register.php?action=ship&id=433 |title=''City of Adelaide'' |date= |work=National Register of Historic Vessels|publisher= National Historic Ships |accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref>

In September 1993 the ''City of Adelaide'' was slipped on the same slipway near the [[Scottish Maritime Museum]] that it had been converted in 1923. From then a programme of work was planned and operated on two fronts: preservation and restoration; and to allow public access and good quality interpretation.

Work continued until 1999 when Scotland regained its own parliament, UK funding sources for the Scottish Maritime Museum dried up. The museum was subsequently evicted from the slipway site, placing the museum under great pressure to remove the ''City of Adelaide'' and the museum began to seek alternative options for the clipper. 

====Clipper Ship City of Adelaide Ltd. (CSCOAL)====
The ownership of the vessel transferred from the Scottish Maritime Museum to [[Clipper Ship City of Adelaide Ltd.]] (CSCOAL) on 6 September 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=City of Adelaide clipper handed to Australian owners|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-23975347|accessdate=8 September 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=6 September 2013}}</ref>


==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="note"}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.cityofadelaide.org.au/ Clipper Ship ''City of Adelaide'' Ltd.]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wear/4683044.stm BBC story of decision to scrap]
* [http://oph.gov.au/ Museum of Australian Democracy - Old Parliament House Canberra]
* [http://www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk/ships_register.php?action=ship&id=433 National Historic Ships page on the ''City of Adelaide''.]
* [http://www.cityofadelaide.co.uk/  Proposal to save the City of Adelaide's hull from demolition by converting her into a building]
* [http://www.cityofadelaide1864.co.uk/ Sunderland City of Adelaide Recovery Foundation]
* [http://www.sunderlandmaritimeheritage.org.uk/ Sunderland Maritime Heritage]
* [http://www.historyscotland.com/features/svcarrick.html "The Future of the S.V. Carrick", ''History Scotland'' magazine]
* [http://tallship.typepad.com/my_weblog/2009/11/sos-city-of-adelaide.html Traditional Boats and Tall Ships magazine article]
* [http://www.worldshiptrust.org/save.htm World Ship Trust page]
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